Doha: Scientists from MIT have identified a possible explanation for why Jupiter and Saturn host very different types of polar vortices despite being similar in size and gaseous elements. The study notes that Saturn features a single massive hexagonal-shaped vortex at its north pole, while Jupiter's north pole is capped by a central vortex surrounded by eight smaller vortices.

According to Qatar News Agency, scientists found that the difference is determined by the softness of a vortex base, which is the density of gas in the deep layers of the atmosphere. This property influences the fluid patterns visible at the surface. The study revealed that when the gases are lighter and softer at the base, the vortices remain small and numerous, as seen on Jupiter. While harder and denser gases grow a "planetary-scale vortex" like the one on Saturn, the scientists said.

The research utilized data and imagery from the Juno spacecraft, which has been orbiting Jupiter since 2016, and the Cassini mission, which observed Saturn for 13 years before concluding its mission in 2017. These observations reveal that Jupiter polar storms span approximately 4,800 km across, while Saturn hexagonal vortex reaches a width of nearly 29,000 km.

Scientists suggest these findings imply that the interior of Saturn is "more metal-enriched and has more condensable material which allows it to provide stronger stratification than Jupiter," explaining the fundamental differences in weather patterns between the two planets.